| Abstract | Disanje je bitan dio života te ima veliku važnost za funkcioniranje čovjeka. Dijafragmalno disanje je sporo i duboko disanje koje utječe na mozak i kardiovaskularni, respiratorni i gastrointestinalni sustav kroz modulaciju autonomnih živčanih funkcija. Izmjena plinova je primarna funkcija dišnog sustava. Kod normalnog disanja dijafragma se skuplja i spušta oko 1 cm, a kod prisilnog disanja do 10 cm. Dijafragma je glavni inspiratorni mišić. Kontrakcija dijafragme, širenje trbuha i produbljivanje udisaja i izdisaja je ono što sačinjava dijafragmalno disanje te to posljedično smanjuje učestalost disanja i maksimizira količinu plinova u krvi. Eupnejom smatramo normalno tiho disanje frekvencije između 12 i 20 udisaja u minuti. Ubrzanje disanja izazivaju stanja kao što su uzbuđenje, tjelesna aktivnost, povišena tjelesna temperatura ili bol. Brojna istraživanja su pokazala pozitivan učinak dijafragmalnog disanja u pedijatrijskih bolesnika s kroničnim funkcionalnim zatvorom, u bolesnika sa zatajenjem srca te također bolesnika koji pate od migrene.
Učenjem fiziopterapeutskih vježbi dijafragmalnog i kostalnog disanja ekspiratornog i inspiratornog tipa i vježbama kojima potičemo ekspanziju pojedinih dijelova prsnog koša stičemo tehniku disanja. Cilj respiratornih vježbi je potpunije gibanje dijafragme i donjih rebara, tako da bolesnik može, do maksimuma upotrebljavati baze svojih pluća, koja su obično kod respiratornih bolesnika manje aktivna. Također, cilj takvih vježbi je primjena i u torakalnoj kirurgiji gdje bolesnicima u ranom postoperativnom periodu pomažu otkloniti bronhalni sekret. Respiratorne vježbe uključuju vježbe relaksacije, vježbu dijafragmalnog disanja, vježbu postranične ekspanzije, vježbe za jačanje trbušnih mišića te vježbe za mobilizaciju prsnog koša. Važno je naglasiti da se kod starijih ljudi ne preporuča provoditi napredne vježbe. |
| Abstract (english) | Breathing is an essential part of life and is of paramount importance for human functioning. Diaphragmatic breathing is slow and deep breathing that affects the brain and the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems through modulation of autonomic nervous functions. Gas exchange is the primary function of the respiratory system. During normal breathing, the diaphragm shrinks and lowers by about 1 cm, and during forced breathing up to 10 cm. The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle. Contraction of the diaphragm, expansion of the abdomen, and deepening of inhalation and exhalation are what constitute diaphragmatic breathing, and this, in turn, reduces the frequency of breathing and maximizes the amount of gas in the blood. Eupneia is considered to be normal quiet breathing with a frequency between 12 and 20 breaths per minute. Accelerated breathing is caused by conditions such as agitation, physical activity, fever or pain. Numerous studies have shown a positive effect of diaphragmatic breathing in pediatric patients with chronic functional constipation, patients with heart failure, and also in patients suffering from migraine.
By learning physiotherapeutic exercises of diaphragmatic and costal breathing of the expiratory and inspiratory types and exercises that encourage the expansion of certain parts of the chest, we acquire the technique of breathing. The goal of respiratory exercises is the more complete movement of the diaphragm and lower ribs, so that the patient can, to the maximum, use the bases of his lungs, which are usually less active in respiratory patients. Also, the goal of such exercises is the use in thoracic surgery, where patients in the early postoperative period are helped to remove bronchial secretions. Respiratory exercises include relaxation exercises, diaphragmatic breathing exercises, lateral expansion exercises, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises, and chest mobilization exercises. It is important to emphasize that advanced exercises are not recommended for older people. |
